Written by expertsRichly illustratedCovers both academic and practical aspectsIncludes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Part I  Lab Methods 1 Higher plants: Structural diversity of roots L.G. Tarshis, G.I. Tarshis   2 Electrical impedance spectroscopy and roots Tapani Repo, Yang Cao, Raimo Silvennoinen and Harry Ozier-Lafontaine   3 Multi Electrode Arrays (MEAs) and the Electrical Network of the Roots Elisa Masi, Elisa Azzarello, Camilla Pandolfi, Susanna Pollastri, Sergio Mugnai, Stefano Mancuso   4 The vibrating probe technique in the study of root physiology under stress Camilla Pandolfi, Sergio Mugnai, Elisa Azzarello, Elisa Masi, Susanna Pollastri, Stefano Mancuso   5 The use of planar optodes in root studies for quantitative imaging Stephan Blossfeld and Dirk Gansert   6 Applications of Confocal Microscopy in the Study of Root Apparatus Susanna Pollastri, Elisa Azzarello, Elisa Masi, Camilla Pandolfi, Sergio Mugnai, Stefano Mancuso   7 High-Throughput Quantification of Root Growth Andrew French, Darren Wells and Tony Pridmore   8 Flat optical scanner method and root dynamics Masako DANNOURA, Yuji KOMINAMI, Naoki MAKITA and Hiroyuki OGUMA   9 3D Reconstruction and Dynamic Modeling of Root Architecture in situ Suqin Fang, Randy Clark, Hong Liao   Part II  Field Methods 10 Geophysical imaging techniques Said Attia al Hagrey   11 Multi electrode resistivity imaging Mariana Amato, Vincenzo Lapenna, Roberta Rossi, Giovanni Bitella   12 Using ground-penetrating radar to detect tree roots and estimate biomass John R. Butnor, Craig Barton, Frank P. Day, Kurt H Johnsen, Anthony N. Mucciardi, Rachel Schroeder, Daniel B. Stover   13 Root structure: in situ studies through sap flow research Nadezhda Nadezhdina, Teresa S. David, Jorge S. David, Valeriy Nadezhdin, Jan Cermak, Roman Gebauer, Alexia Stokes   14 Root function: in situ studies through sap flow research Nadezhda Nadezhdina, Teresa S. David, Jorge S. David, Valeriy Nadezhdin, Jan Cermak, Roman Gebauer, Maria Isabel Ferreira, Nuno Conceicao, Michal Dohnal, Miroslav TesaÅ, Karl Gartner, Reinhart Ceulemans   15 Fine root dynamics and root respiration Karibu Fukuzawa, Masako Dannoura, Hideaki Shibata   16 Biases And Errors Associated With Different Root Production Methods And Their Effects On Field Estimates Of Belowground Net Primary Production Daniel G. Milchunas   17 Minirhizotrons in modern root studies Teofilo Vamerali, Marianna Bandiera, Giuliano Mosca   18. Fine root turnover. Martin Lukac